ทิตัส 2:3 วิจารณ์

The apostle here directs Titus about the faithful discharge of his own office generally (Tit 2:1), and particularly as to several sorts of persons (Tit 2:2-10) and gives the grounds of these and of other following directions (Tit 2:11-14), with a summary direction in the close (Tit 2:15).

INTRODUCTION TO TITUS 2 In this chapter the apostle exhorts Timothy to the discharge of his office with respect to all sorts of persons, of every age, sex; and condition, he was concerned with, giving reasons for it, taken from the nature of the Gospel of Christ: he exhorts him in general to insist in his public ministry on those things, which were agreeable to sound doctrine, Tit 2:1 and particularly what became aged men and aged women, and young men and young women, Tit 2:2 in all which, both with respect to doctrine and practice, he desires him to be a pattern to them, that so even his very adversaries may be ashamed, having nothing evil to say of him, Tit 2:7. And next he charges him to exhort servants, to obey their masters, and seek to please them, and not contradict them, and to be faithful to them; that so the doctrine of God their Saviour, professed by them, might be adorned in all things, Tit 2:9. And the reasons why the apostle would have duty urged on persons of every age, sex, and state, are taken from the nature of the Gospel being a doctrine of grace and salvation, which was preached to all sorts of persons, Tit 2:11, and from the efficacy of it, in teaching men to deny sin, and live a holy life and conversation, Tit 2:12 and from an expectation of eternal glory and happiness at the appearance of Christ, which the Gospel encourages to, Tit 2:13; and from the end of Christ's giving himself for his people, and redeeming them from sin, the sum and substance of the Gospel, which was, that they might be purified, and be zealous of good works, Tit 2:14 and these exhortations were to be delivered by Titus with authority, and in such a manner, that he might not be despised, Tit 2:15.

That they may teach the young women to be sober,.... Or to be chaste, modest, and temperate; or to be wise and prudent in their conduct to their husbands, and in the management of family affairs, who have had a large experience of these things before them. To love their husbands; to help and assist them all they can; to seek their honour and interest; to endeavour to please them in all things; to secure peace, harmony, and union; to carry it affectionately to them, and sympathize with them in all afflictions and distresses; for this is not so much said in opposition to placing their affections on other men, and to the defilement of the marriage bed, as to moroseness and ill nature. To love their children; not with a fond, foolish, loose, and ungoverned affection; but so as to seek their real good, and not only their temporal, but spiritual and eternal welfare; to bring them up in the nurture and admonition of the Lord; and to use and keep proper discipline and government over them; for otherwise, amidst all the fondness of natural affection, a parent may be said to hate a child, Pro 13:24.

It is evident, then, in my opinion, that she will charge herself with remedying, by good sense and persuasion, each of the annoyances that originate with her husband in domestic economy. And if he do not yield, then she will endeavour, as far as possible for human nature, to lead a sinless life; whether it be necessary to die, in accordance with reason, or to live; considering that God is her helper and associate in such a course of conduct, her true defender and Saviour both for the present and for the future; making Him the leader and guide of all her actions, reckoning sobriety and righteousness her work, and making the favour of God her end. Gracefully, therefore, the apostle says in the Epistle to Titus, "that the eider women should be of godly behaviour, should not be slanderers, not enslaved to much wine; that they should counsel the young women to be lovers of their husbands, lovers of their children, discreet, chaste, housekeepers, good, subject to their own husbands; that the word of God be not blasphemed."

Therefore, he wants those for whom “the Lord is their portion” to be sober, to fast, to be vigilant at all times, but especially when they are present at the altar to pray to the Lord and to offer sacrifices in his presence. These commands preserve their force. They ought to be maintained in strict observance. The apostle confirms these as laws of the new covenant. In the same way, setting up the rules of life for the priests or the chief priests to this, he tells them that they ought not to be enslaved “to much wine” but to be “sober.” Sobriety is the mother of virtues, drunkenness the mother of vices.

Ver. 3. "The aged women likewise, that they be in behavior as becometh holiness." That is, that in their very dress and carriage they exhibit modesty. "Not false accusers, not given to much wine." For this was particularly the vice of women and of old age. For from their natural coldness at that period of life arises the desire of wine, therefore he directs his exhortation to that point, to cut off all occasion of drunkenness, wishing them to be far removed from that vice, and to escape the ridicule that attends it. For the fumes mount more easily from beneath, and the membranes (of the brain) receive the mischief from their being impaired by age, and this especially causes intoxication. Yet wine is necessary at this age, because of its weakness, but much is not required. Nor do young women require much, though for a different reason, because it kindles the flame of lust. "Teachers of good things." And yet thou forbiddest a woman to teach; how dost thou command it here, when elsewhere thou sayest, "I suffer not a woman to teach"? (1 Tim. ii. 12.) But mark what he has added, "Nor to usurp authority over the man." For at the beginning it was permitted to men to teach both men and women. But to women it is allowed to instruct by discourse at home. But they are nowhere permitted to preside, nor to extend their speech to great length, wherefore he adds, "Nor to usurp authority over the man."

Similarly, with holy habits, not inciting, not serving much wine; teaching well, that they may instruct young women towards chastity, that they may love their husbands, that they may love their children: modest, chaste, having diligence of the house, kind, submissive to their husbands, that the word of God may not be blasphemed. Although the apostle Peter has commanded that husbands should give honor to their wives as to a weaker vessel, nevertheless it is not to be judged that a wife, who has a weak vessel of the body, is at once weaker also in soul. Hence they are now commanded that also in them that of the Apostle may be fulfilled: Virtue is made perfect in weakness (2 Cor. 12:9), and it is said that they may have all things, which are commonly commanded to old men, in that namely which he says: Similarly the aged women, that is, as elderly men, in all things honorable, sober, modest, healthy in faith, and charity, and patience, and for their gender this may have as their own, that they may be with holy habits, or as it is read better in Greek, ἐν καταστήματι ἱεροπρεπεῖς, that even their own conduct and movement, expression, speech, silence, they may prefer a certain sacred dignity of decorum. And because this type of woman is usually talkative, in accordance with that: "And at the same time they also learn to be idle and wander around from house to house. Not only are they idle, but also gossips and busybodies, saying things they shouldn't" (1 Tim. 5:13): therefore He wishes that they not be provocative, that is, not accusers, not such that they please others, and speak ill of others. Or certainly because they have already crossed adolescence themselves, they argue about the ages of young girls, and say: "She is adorned thus, she combs her hair thus, she walks like this: she loves him, she is loved by him": and even if these things are true, they should not accuse others so openly, but rather correct themselves in secret with the love of Christ, and teach more to not do rather than publicly accuse them of what they did. These ages usually indulge in bodily lust (although there are many who are not shy about their gray hairs, and trembling young girls are composed before a flock of grandchildren), giving themselves up to wine for pleasure; and when they have appeared wise and eloquent to themselves between cups, they assume a kind of morality, speaking this which they see in themselves, and not remembering what they were. And let old women be prohibited from too much drinking of wine, because what in young women is desire, in old women it is drunkenness. And how can an old woman teach young girls chastity, when if she herself has imitated the drunkenness of an old woman, she cannot be chaste? And he expressed emphatically: Do not be enslaved to much wine. For it is a kind of slavery and a miserable condition for a person's senses to be occupied by wine, and not to be one's own, but that of the wine. Therefore, because he taught what kind of old women they should be at first, and after those things which are common with old men, he also exposed their own particularities, that they may be full of honest and holy decorum: neither accusers, nor detractors of others, nor having their senses occupied by wine. Now, following his doctrine, he allows them the reins, so that when they are such, they may have the freedom to teach the good things. For although he said elsewhere, "But I do not allow women to teach" (1 Tim. 2:12), it is to be understood that for them the doctrine should be removed. However, they should teach young girls as if they were their own daughters. First, chastity: because the enemy fights more fiercely against it in the flourishing age, and all its virtue is directed against women in the womb; then that they may love their husbands, care for their children. Which doctrine is to love their husbands; is it not established in the heart of the lover rather than in the speech of the teacher? She wants to love her husband chastely: she wants a chaste love between man and woman, so that, with modesty, and reverence, and as if compelled by the sex, she may rather give her due to her husband than demand it of him, and she believes that she must perform the work of her children before the eyes of God and the angels: thus she will not even be ashamed of her secret bedroom, and the darkness of the night, and her closed bedroom, when she has considered that all things are open to the eyes of God. But they love their children thus, if they educate them in God's discipline. Moreover, not wanting to sadden them by teaching what is good, and granting them the freedom to sin ((or of sinning)), is not loving one's children, but hating them. Young girls, too, are to be educated to have diligence in the house. And because it could happen that the diligence of the house is governed with severity, and thus by this precept of the Apostle, the matron becomes severe towards her servants: therefore, he coupled kindness: so that then she would believe that her husband was ruling the house well if he commanded the servants with kindness, not in fear. And also [women] subject to their own husbands: lest perhaps they remember not God's sentence, and by occasion of riches or nobility, despise the divine ordinance, whereby they are subject to their husbands. For he saith: 'Thy will be to thy husband, and he shall have dominion over thee' (Gen. 3:16). The prudence to be observed in the Holy Scriptures is that the Lord did not speak to the man, saying, "You shall rule over your wife," but to the woman herself, that she might leave to her obedience the reward, since it is in her power, if she desires to obey the precepts of God, to serve her husband and to be subject to him as to a husband, so that it might be in some way a free servitude, full of love, serving her husband while she fears offending him. For indeed, man was not created for the sake of woman, but woman for the sake of man. And while the head of the woman is the man, the head of the man is Christ. Whatever wife does not submit herself to her husband, that is, to her head, is guilty of the same offense as the husband who does not submit himself to Christ, his head. But the word of the Lord is blasphemed, either when the first sentence of God is despised and considered of no account, or when the Gospel of Christ is defamed, while it desires, contrary to the law and faith of nature, that which is Christian and subject to the law of God, to command the husband. Even pagan women serve their husbands according to the common law of nature.

These are elders in age only, though some have taken the position that the women held an office analogous to that of male presbyters.

The women are to be decently adorned, reverent and dignified.

likewise, older women must be respectful in behavior, not slanderers, not enslaved to much wine, teachers of what is good. — [OECUMENIUS] likewise, older women. Paul refers to the deaconesses. Respectful. From this Paul means clothing. [end of the excerpt by Oecumenius Π f. 173v; A f. 186r anonym; B f. 225r; G f. 314v] — behavior. From this attire, Paul says, they showed modesty and the fact of engaging in sacred services. not slanderers. For from wine follows slander: and especially because the violence that comes of wine is hostile to weaker old age. teachers of what is good. And how does it hinder women from teaching elsewhere? And we say that here it speaks about an exhortative speech addressed to household members, but there it is about sitting in public and speaking in the assembly. And that it has made them participants only of the teaching which is imparted at home is made clear by what follows.

The passage speaks of elderly women who should appear dignified both in their outward appearance and in their clothing. Some, however, think that the reference here is to deaconesses, from whom the apostle requires that even in their very attire they should appear befitting, that is, in keeping with their sacred ministry. Since in old age a person grows cold, an inclination toward wine appears, and then, being unable to restrain himself, as one who is weak, he is overcome not by moderate but by excessive use of wine, and from this arises a tendency toward slander. How then does he say in another place: "but I suffer not a woman to teach" (1 Tim. 2:12)? There he speaks of public teaching in the church, which is not permitted to women, but here of teaching at home, and moreover only of younger women. That this is what the apostle says, listen to what follows.

Then, he shows how the aged women are to be instructed: first, how they are to be instructed in regard to their life; second, in their doctrine. In regard to the first he does three things: first, he shows how they are to be instructed as to their attire; second, as to food; third, as to speech. In regard to the first he says, in holy attire, i.e., not in wanton and loud dresses; and this is becoming for every woman: do not let yours be the outward adorning with braiding of hair, decoration of gold, and wearing of robes (1 Pet 3:3); women should adorn themselves modestly and sensibly in seemly apparel, not with braided hair or gold or pearls or costly attire (1 Tim 2:9). But old women in particular should observe this, because it is expected that young women will adorn themselves modestly for their husband's sake: and this modesty should be manifest in every movement of their body: a man's attire and open-mouthed laughter, and a man's manner of walking, show what he is (Sir 19:30). In regard to the second he says, not false accusers. For two faults are glaring in the aged: one is common to everyone who is old, namely, that they are suspicious, because they have witnessed many evils, which they presume will be true of others. The other is true particularly of women, namely, that they are jealous. But both these faults are found in an old woman: for by reason of her age she is suspicious, and by reason of her sex she is jealous: there is grief of heart and sorrow when a wife is envious of a rival, and a tongue-lashing makes it known to all (Sir 26:6). Consequently, he says, not false accusers. In regard to food he says, not slaves to much wine; and of the men he says, be sober. And he says, not slaves to much, because sometimes they use it to warm themselves. In regard to doctrine he says, teaching well. But this does not seem to agree with 1 Corinthians: the women should keep silence in the churches. For they are not permitted to speak, but should be subordinate (1 Cor 14:34); or with 1 Timothy: let a woman learn in silence with all submissiveness. I permit no woman to teach (1 Tim 2:11). I answer that public teaching of the people is forbidden to women; but private teaching within the family is permitted to them: the words of Lemuel, king of Massa, which his mother taught him (Prov 31:1); when I was a son with my father, tender, the only one in the sight of my mother, she taught me and said to me, let your heart hold fast my words and keep my commandments, and live (Prov 4:3). And he says well, that they may teach the young women to be wise. This he says to the old women rather than to the old men, because the former sometimes teach the old wives' fables instead of useful facts, and also because they are with the children and the family more than the men are.

Sundry directions to aged men, Tit 2:1, Tit 2:2. To aged women, Tit 2:3. To young women, Tit 2:4, Tit 2:5. To young men, Tit 2:6. Directions to Titus, relative to his own conduct, Tit 2:7, Tit 2:8. Directions to servants, Tit 2:9, Tit 2:10. What the Gospel of the grace of God teaches all men, Tit 2:11, Tit 2:12. The glorious prospect held out by it; salvation from all sin, and final glory, Tit 2:13-15.

The aged women likewise - I believe elderly women are meant, and not deaconesses. That they be in behavior - Εν καταστηματι ἱεροπρεπεις· That they be in their dress, gait, and general deportment, such as their holy calling requires; that they be not like the world, but like the Church, decent without, and adorned with holiness within. Not false accusers - Μη διαβολους· Not devils; we have had the same expression applied in the same way, Ti1 3:11 (note). Not given to much wine - Μη οινῳ πολλῳ δεδουλωμενας· Not enslaved by much wine, not habitual drunkards or tipplers; habit is a species of slavery. Both among the Greeks and Romans old women were generally reputed to be fond of much wine; hence the ancient scholiast on Homer, Il. vi., speaking of old women, says: Χαιρει τῳ οινῳ ἡ ἡλικια αυτη· At this age they delight in wine; which words Ovid seems to have translated literally: Vinosior aetas haec erat. It is likely, therefore, that it was customary among the elderly women, both Greeks and Romans, to drink much wine, and because it was inconsistent with that moderation, which the Gospel requires, the apostle forbids it: doubtless it was not considered criminal among them, because it was a common practice; and we know that the Greek philosophers and physicians, who denied wine to young persons, judged it to be necessary for the aged. See the note on Ti1 5:23.

DIRECTIONS TO TITUS: HOW TO EXHORT VARIOUS CLASSES OF BELIEVERS: THE GRACE OF GOD IN CHRIST OUR GRAND INCENTIVE TO LIVE GODLY. (Tit 2:1-15) But . . . thou--in contrast to the reprobate seducers stigmatized in Tit 1:11, Tit 1:15-16. "He deals more in exhortations, because those intent on useless questions needed chiefly to be recalled to the study of a holy, moral life; for nothing so effectually allays men's wandering curiosity, as the being brought to recognize those duties in which they ought to exercise themselves" [CALVIN]. speak--without restraint: contrast Tit 1:11, "mouths . . . stopped." doctrine--"instruction" or "teaching."

behaviour--"deportment." as becometh holiness--"as becometh women consecrated to God" [WAHL]: being by our Christian calling priestesses unto God (Eph 5:3; Ti1 2:10). "Observant of sacred decorum" [BENGEL]. not false accusers--not slanderers: a besetting sin of some elderly women. given to much wine--the besetting sin of the Cretans (Tit 1:12). Literally, "enslaved to much wine." Addiction to wine is slavery (Rom 6:16; Pe2 2:19). teachers--in private: not in public (Co1 14:34; Ti1 2:11-12); influencing for good the younger women by precept and example.